Comparative analysis of the antithyroid activity of Annona squamosa and Tetracarpidium conophorum leaf extracts in in-vitro and animal model of hyperthyroidism.
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Agulu, Anambra State, Nigeria.
2 Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
3 International Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
4 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
5 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Research Article
Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 13(02), 144-164
Article DOI: 10.30574/msarr.2025.13.2.0049
Publication history:
Received on 15 February 2025; revised on 07 April 2025; accepted on 09 April 2025
Abstract:
Annona squamosa and Tetracarpidium conophorum are medicinal plants that are traditionally used to treat hyperthyroidism. This study comparatively investigated the antithyroid activities of methanol leaf extracts of A. squamosa and T. conophorum in in-vitro and animal model of hyperthyroidism. The phytochemical constituents and total phenolic contents of both extracts were determined. The effective inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of both extracts on thyroid peroxidase enzyme activity and DPPH radical were determined. In vivo hyperthyroidism was induced with 600 ug/kg L-thyroxin for 12 days and the effect of both extracts on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), serum thyroid hormones (T3, T4), liver and kidney function biomarkers and body weight were determined. Propylthiouracil (PTU) 10 mg/kg was used as reference drug. A. squamosa extract showed a higher total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity than T. conophorum. Both extracts exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of thyroid peroxidase enzyme, with T. conophorum being more potent. In L-thyroxine-induced hyperthyroid rats, the extracts caused dose-dependent reductions in serum T3, T4, and liver enzymes, with A. squamosa exhibiting superior activity. Serum TSH levels increased in a dose-dependent manner in both extract-treated groups. A. squamosa extract (400 mg/kg) restored hyperthyroidism-induced alterations in body weight, kidney function, and lipid peroxidation to normal levels. These results suggest that A. squamosa and T. conophorum possess antithyroid activity, with A. squamosa showing more potent effects. These findings highlight the potential of A. squamosa and T. conophorum as adjunctive therapies for managing hyperthyroidism.
Keywords:
Hyperthyroidism; Annona squamosa; Tetracarpidium conophorum; Antithyroid activity; Thyroid hormones; Propylthiouracil; Oxidative stress
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